GM Vaccines: From bench to bedside

Genetic modification is often used in the production of vaccine constituents but also to engineer harmless viruses and bacteria that can provide protection against disease. To ensure optimal environmental risk analysis and to anticipate possible societal implications of emerging new vaccine gene technology, it is highly desirable to have an overview of the currently used recombinant vaccines and the expected developments in this field. Therefore, COGEM commissioned the writing of a report on the market penetration of recombinant vaccines, the types of vaccines that are used, and the expectations of producers regarding future introduction of novel types of genetically engineered vaccines.